The doctor who delivered him didn't believe he'd make it through the first week. Newton's father, Isaac Newton, died three months before the kid was born. He was a prosperous farmer, and Hannah was a wealthy widow. She reared Isaac alone for the next three years. Later, in 1646, she remarried as Mrs. Barnabas Smith. Isaac's relationship with his stepfather was strained, and the kid spent much of his time in the care of his grandmother. Benjamin, Mary, and Hannah were Hannah and Barnabas' three children.
Isaac seemed to have gotten along well with his brothers, despite his tumultuous connection with his mother. Isaac made a list of sins he intended to repent of when he was 19 years old. One of them threatened to set fire to his family, which included his mother and stepfather! Isaac attended a village school on occasion but did not begin regular learning until the age of 12, when he enrolled at King's School in Grantham, England. He was initially uninterested in his studies and fared poorly in all areas. However, he quickly changed his mind and chose to take his studies more seriously.
Isaac's stepfather died when he was 17 years old. His mother, sensing her eldest son's ability to be the family breadwinner, attempted to turn him become a farmer. But Isaac had no plans to become a farmer. In fact, he despised working in the fields. Fortunately, the head of the King's school intervenes on Isaac's behalf a few months later, telling him that Hannah is an excellent match for them. Isaac was bullied by another kid and chose an intellectual response over the bully and his friends.
Isaac received outstanding academic results. He was the top student in 1660, excelling in all disciplines. A Trinitarian Isaac began his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge University, in June 1661. She worked outside of class hours to pay for her education, serving meals and running errands for her teachers. The 18-year-old enrolled at Trinity College Dublin with the intention of becoming a Church of England pastor. However, he changed his mind around halfway through that first year. It is unclear why he did not pursue a career in the church, but it is obvious from his later writings that he formed opinions about God that opposed Anglican Church orthodoxy. Newton's education at Trinity College was founded on Aristotle's teaching. He was drawn to these concepts, but he complained because many of them were founded solely on the great philosopher's assumptions and beliefs. Newton was more interested in natural science and philosophy. It is unclear why he did not pursue a career in the church, but it is obvious from his later writings that he formed opinions about God that opposed Anglican Church orthodoxy. Newton's education at Trinity College was founded on Aristotle's teaching. He was drawn to these concepts, but he complained because many of them were founded solely on the great philosopher's assumptions and beliefs. Newton was more interested in natural science and philosophy.
In 1662, Newton wrote pages of a notebook with a list of 45 topics he wished to research. All of these fall under the umbrella of physics. But, unlike everyone else before him, Newton began to answer the questions. He began devising experiments to get the answers he sought. Newton, the physicist Newton's attention was diverted from his list of physics-related problems the next year. He was inspired by René Descartes' ideas, which led to a deeper study of mathematics. Descartes considered algebraic geometry the application of the Arabic study of algebra to geometry. In August 1665, Newton graduated from Trinity College.
He didn't earn the high ratings he deserved for his abilities, most likely because he focused too much on his private studies. During this period, the bubonic plague swept Europe as a whole. In London, one in every four individuals died. Colleges were shuttered to prevent the sickness from spreading. Newton's official schooling was hampered as a result, but he made the best of the situation. Isaac concentrated on his individual studies away from the family home for the following two years. Calculus, lunar motion, and optics were his primary fields of study.
He now had the opportunity to apply all of the information he had gained at Cambridge to the world around him. This prompted him to ask numerous more questions, three of the most fundamental of which were... Why do things constantly go wrong? Why didn't the moon fall to the ground? Why do planets maintain their orbits? Newton was certain that mathematics would lead him to the answers to these issues. He invented a new type of mathematics known as fluxions, which is the foundation of current calculus. He wrote subsequently of this moment in his life. . . At this time, I was in my prime of discovery and thinking in mathematics and philosophy. In the spring of 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge.
He grew up to be an odd 23-year-old. He was glad to spend hours alone with his thoughts because he had no pals. Many people rejected him as a lunatic. None of his contemporaries were aware that he was striving to grasp planetary motion. He was elected a fellow of the college and held other distinguished positions in the years that followed. Isaac published his first book, Analysis by Infinite Series, in 1669. It was a study of cubic equations and three-dimensional curves that garnered positive feedback from the scientific community.
Newton, as a Cambridge fellow, was expected to be ordained as a priest in the Anglican Church. However, his resistance to the dogma of the Trinity held him back. College administrators advocated for his nomination as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He postponed the requirement and was promoted as a result. Professorship in Newton Lucasianism Newton, at 27 years old, had one of the most prominent positions in mathematics. He was expected to teach on mathematics and deposit copies of his notes in the university library as a Lucasian Professor, which he rarely did.
He began speaking on optics, and his lecture notes became the foundation of his book Optics. Newton's studies in optics prompted him to concentrate on improving the functioning of the refracting telescope. He was having difficulty concentrating different hues of light in the lens. He was unable to overcome this issue, so he switched his focus to the reflecting telescope. Newton constructed the first operational reflecting telescope in 1668, based on the work of Scottish mathematician James Gregory.
He looked up into the night sky with his telescope and was able to see Jupiter's four moons. Newton was a Royal Society Fellow. Newton was elected a Fellow of the British Royal Society in 1671. To promote his proposed candidacy, he composed a letter on the nature of light, which was read aloud at the Society's next meeting. This prompted a mixed response, with some admiring his remark and others strongly opposing it. In 1672, Newton was elected to the Royal Society, signifying his admission into the professional scientific society. He had been working alone until that point. But suddenly he was in the company of the world's most distinguished scientists. Isaac instantly clashed with one of the Royal Society's most renowned members. The Society's Superintendent of Experiments was Robert Hooke.
Hooke, in contrast to Newton, was loud and extroverted. He was an outspoken opponent of Newton's works on the nature of light, which questioned established thought. Hooke made 10 public objections to Newton's theories during a four-year period, each of which Isaac refuted. Newton despised the continual conflict that came with being a member of the Royal Society and departed after fifteen months. The secretary of the society, Henry Oldenburg, encouraged him to stay, telling him that he was well-liked. But Newton avoided society for the following two years. By 1675, Newton's unwillingness to take the priesthood had become a major source of contention with the Church. It became a topic of conversation and embarrassed the college. When it appeared that he could lose his job, he sought advice from his mentor and former Lucasian lecturer, Isaac Barrow.
Barrow wrote to King Charles II, requesting a special dispensation that would allow him to stay in office without entering the clergy. Newton was largely displeased with the development of the Anglican Church. Many of the trappings of the Catholic Church that he despised remained. His main issue, though, was with the dogma of the Trinity. He couldn't understand that God and Jesus were the same people. Newton traveled to London in March 1675 and requested a special dispensation. It was given without hesitation, much to his relief and amazement. The monarch did, in fact, eliminate the priestly requirement for all future Lucasian professorships. A dazzling comet emerged in the skies of England in November 1680. Leading scientists, including Newton and Edmund Halley, a new member of the Royal Society, witnessed and remarked on it. They gathered in 1684 to examine the geometry of the planets' orbits.
Newton's theories pleased Halley, who pushed him to report his findings in writing to the Royal Society. The Magnum Opus of Newton Newton spent the next 18 months writing his masterpiece, the Principia Mathematica. He was so involved in it that he frequently forgot to eat or sleep. In this three-volume opus, he has blended the results of twenty years of study, observation, and contemplation of nature.
He began by drawing up a series of definitions that served as the foundation for his thoughts about the natural world. These concepts of inertia, substance, mass, and momentum are still valid today. After building his foundation, he developed his three laws of motion: the law of inertia, the law of acceleration, and the rule of action and response. His most brilliant theory was the law of universal gravitation. The rule of gravity contradicted Aristotle's 2,000-year-old theory that the earth obeyed one set of principles while the sun, moon, planets, and stars obeyed another. There was a law that regulated the motion of everything in the cosmos, according to Newton. In 1686, the Principia was given to the Royal Society. Newton was instantly accused of plagiarism by Robert Hooke.
Regardless, the book was highly received. When it was released a year later, it became an immediate classic. The law of universal gravitation was widely acknowledged as the breakthrough that explained everything from planet motion to sea tides. Despite the public excitement to Newton's Principia, his theories would not be taught at universities for another fifty years. The Alchemist, Newton Newton initially became acquainted with alchemy when a student at Cambridge. This pseudo-science arose from Aristotle's teachings that all matter was made up of four basic elements: earth, air, fire, and water. It was thought that by altering the proportions of any of these components, one item might be transformed into another. Aristotle also taught that each of the elements was associated with a human feeling or trait. Newton was attracted by these notions, despite the fact that they contradicted the rational, evidence-based approach in which he synthesized his scientific beliefs. From then on, he lived a sort of double life, portraying himself as the ideal rational thinker while conducting unconventional alchemy experiments away from inquisitive eyes. Simultaneously, he formed a variety of religious beliefs that were clearly beyond the norm. Newton began amassing a substantial library of alchemy-related works in 1669.
He was fascinated with discovering universal truth and regarded alchemy as a tool to do this. He took thousands of notes on the issue and carried out hundreds of tests. His knowledge was subsequently distilled into a book titled Clavis. Theologian Newton Newton has a lifelong interest in religion. He wrote almost a million words on the subject over the course of his life, but relatively few of them were published during his lifetime. He grew concerned that current Christianity was not following Jesus' paradigm via his studies of the Hebrew language and meticulous study of the Bible. Newton was adamantly opposed to the notion of the Holy Trinity. This was an act of heresy at the time, punishable by jail or worse. Even though his work was unpublished, he was putting his life at danger by writing about it.
Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John, and The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, were two key works of scriptural interpretation released a century after his death. Newton was enthralled by Solomon's Temple, believing that it represented a paradigm for the cosmos and a blueprint for the future of humanity. It was his opinion that the temple's architecture contained the key to unlocking the mysteries of the cosmos and revealing future Bible prophecy. He predicted the downfall of the Catholic Church, the return of Christ, and the Day of Judgment based on it.Newton became embroiled in a feud between King James II and Cambridge University in 1687. A Benedictine monk requested that he be granted a master's degree without having to take an oath or pledge allegiance to the Anglican Church. The monk petitioned the monarch, who issued an order compelling the institution to accept the guy without the oath. Newton spoke up on the university's behalf and was shortly selected to represent them before a commission hearing in Westminster.
His reasons were convincing, and the monk was denied admission to the institution. Newton, the Civil Servant Newton was elected to public office in January 1689, when he was appointed as the University's representative in the Convention Parliament. His personality shifted as a result of his new role. He went from being an introverted, retiring professor to a friendly, gregarious public worker. Newton suffered from sadness and mental weariness in 1690, which was probably exacerbated by a bout of influenza. He recovered and spent the 1690s concentrating on the moon's orbit. His job required him to collect astronomical data from John Flamstead, the first Astronomer Royal.However, the two guys did not get along. They fought from the beginning, and their relationship finally fell apart. As a result, Newton was unable to continue his study of the lunar cycles. In 1696, Newton sought a higher-paying position in government. He was appointed as Warden of the Royal Mint. The employment compelled him to relocate to London, where he remained until his death. He was in charge of re-coining ancient silver and gold coins. He also standardized coin weight and composition, allowing him to bring considerably better precision to British coinage than had previously been known. He was elevated to Master of the Mint three years into the post.
The post, which he retained until his death, earned roughly £1500 per year, which was a large sum for the period. In 1703 Newton, the country's most recognized scientist was elected president of the Royal Society. He served in that capacity until his death. Queen Anne bestowed a knighthood on him in 1705. However, his scientific reputation was harmed by an ongoing argument with German polymath Gottfried Leibniz about who should be credited with inventing calculus. Despite the fact that Newton was the first to create the fundamental notions of calculus, Leibniz published his work on the subject before Newton. The subject split the world's top scientists at the time. Last Years Newton spent most of the last two decades of his life reworking his most renowned book, Principia Mathematica.
A second edition was produced in 1713, followed by a third and final edition in 1726. He also pursued his interest in Biblical studies, spending days accumulating notes on the history of the ancient Hebrews. Newton clearly wanted to guarantee that his legacy lasted past his physical years. He sat for several photographs and had sculptures made of him. Nonetheless, he maintained an apparent impression of humility by saying... I'm not sure how I look to the rest of the world; but to myself, I seem to have been like a kid playing on the beach, occasionally finding a smoother pebble or a nicer shell than usual, while the vast ocean of truth lay all unexplored before me.
Newton spent his latter years with his niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt, and her husband. In his seventies, he began to experience respiratory difficulties, causing him to relocate from London to Kensington, where the air was cleaner. He was confined to his bed with serious lung issues in 1725, at the age of 82. Coughing bouts were frequent, and he had an uncontrollable bladder. He seems to have recovered slightly by early 1727. On February 28th, he felt well enough to preside over the Royal Society meeting. But the effort was too much for him, and when he returned home, he was confined to his bed once more. His physicians diagnosed him with a kidney stone in early March. His illness deteriorated during the month, and he died in the early hours of March 31st, 1727. The high honor of being buried at Westminster Abbey was bestowed to Newton. His burial was the most lavish ever performed for a natural philosopher in England.
